ABSTRACT
Objective:To describe the current situation of gastric lavage operation and put forward measures for improvement by analyzing the clinical characteristics of 294 patients with gastric lavage in Poisoning Treatment Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.Methods:The clinical data of 294 patients with acute poisoning and gastric lavage from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed retrospectively, and the related parameters (poison type, gastric lavage volume, poisoning to gastric lavage time, etc.) of each year were compared.Results:A total of 653 poisoning patients underwent gastric lavage from 2019 to 2021, with an average age of (44.2 ±20.1) years, and 134 (45.6%) were male. The main causes of gastric lavage were pesticide poisoning (52.72%) and drug poisoning (42.86%). The volume of gastric lavage was less than 10 L for 43.8% of patients and 10-20 L for 32.7% of patients. Patients with gastric lavage within 60 min after ingestion of poison accounted for 45.3%, followed by 25.8% within 61-120 min. The in-hospital mortality rate was 17.7%. The common complications of gastric lavage were: the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding (55/121, 45.5%), the incidence of aspiration pneumonia (54/140, 38.6%), and the incidences of electrolyte disorder (21% of low potassium, 29% low calcium, and 10.0% low sodium). Compared with the groups in different years, the proportion of gastric lavage in poisoning was 58.85% vs. 46.60% vs. 32.41%, which decreased year by year, with statistical difference ( P <0.05). And there was no difference in the period from ingestion to gastric lavage and gastric lavage fluid volume. There was an increasing trend in poison types between diquat and other insecticides, but there was no statistical difference. Conclusions:From 2019 to 2021, the most common causes of acute gastric lavage were pesticide poisoning and drug poisoning, and the proportion of diquat and other pesticides showed an overall upward trend. A majority of the patients (71.1%) had gastric lavage within 2 h, and 76.5% of the patients had less than 20 L gastric lavage fluid. In the future, we will further control the amount of gastric lavage fluid and pay attention to the gastric lavage operation of new insecticide poisoning.
ABSTRACT
Objective To detect and analyze the susceptibility genes of methyl acetate poisoning in patients by whole exome sequencing. Methods Two patients with occupational acute severe methyl acetate poisoning and their first-degree relatives who work in the same occupation and position with similar working hours were selected as the research subjects by judgment sampling method. Peripheral blood was collected for whole exome sequencing. The sequencing data was compared with the public genome database to screen the mutation sites and find out the gene sites related to methyl acetate poisoning. The suspected pathogenic mutation genes were annotated and interpreted. Results The results of whole exome sequencing showed that there were 40 differential genes between the patients with methyl acetate poisoning and their first-degree relatives, including 80 single nucleotide polymorphisms and eight Indel with specific marker sequence index. Among these, the genes with strong correlation were carboxyesterase 1 (CES1) and mucin (MUC) 5B. The CES1 gene loci c.248C>T (p.Ser83Leu) heterozygous mutations, MUC5B gene loci c.6635C>T (p.Thr2212Met) and c.7685C>T (p.Thr2562Met) heterozygous mutations in patients with methyl acetate poisoning were detected. They were missense mutations. By constructing a protein-protein interaction network, a total of 11 pairs of interactions with high levels of evidence were identified, involving genes such as lysine methyltransferase 2C, HECT and RLD domains containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2, neutrophil cytoplasmic factor 1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 3, C-terminal binding protein 2, zinc finger protein 717, FSHD region gene 2 family member C, FSHD region gene 1, MUC4, MUC6, MUC5B, and MUC12. Conclusion The polymorphism of CES1 and MUC5B genes may be related to the occurrence and development of methyl acetate poisoning in patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the specificity of endogenous metabolic profile in plasma of patients with occupational acute methyl acetate poisoning using non-targeted metabolomics. Methods: A total of six patients with occupational acute methyl acetate poisoning were selected as the poisoning group, while 10 healthy workers without occupational exposure history of chemical hazards in the same industry were selected as the control group using the judgment sampling method. Metabolites in patient plasma of the two groups were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to identify differential metabolites and analyze their metabolic pathways. Results: There were significant differences in metabolite profiles in patient plasma between poisoning group and control group. A total of 195 differentially expressed metabolites were screened in plasma of patients in poisoning group, including 119 upregulated and 76 downregulated metabolites. Lipid substances (lipids and lipid-like molecules) accounted for the highest proportion (21.5%). The differential metabolites of poisoning group were related to folate biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, sphingolipid biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways in plasma compared with the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Occupational acute methyl acetate poisoning affects metabolism of the body. The folic acid biosynthesis, amino acid and lipid metabolism and other pathways may be involved in the occurrence and development of poisoning.
ABSTRACT
Nitrobenzene, when consumed in large enough doses, can cause methemoglobinemia. By reducing oxygen unloading and oxygen binding, methemoglobinemia reduces oxygen delivery. This is a case of 55-year-old man who is a known case of psychiatric disorder was brought to the emergency room with an alleged history of deliberate consumption of nitrobenzene liquid approximately 10 mL in the morning of the day at his residence. He also instilled 2 drops in the right ear and was taken to a private hospital where the initial management with gastric lavage, multidose activated charcoal and methylene blue was given. He was then referred to the government tertiary care setting for further management. Prompt intravenous methylene blue treatment increases PaO2 in patients with methemoglobinemia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute poisoning is a worldwide health problem hastened around million deaths yearly. It was estimated that two lakhs of these deaths are mainly due to Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) poisoning. The management of these emergencies poisoning cases is very difficult and requires intensive care as well as monitoring. Despite the large number, evidence on pattern prevalence, management and outcome in India is little. Aim and Objective: The purpose of our study was to assess the socio-demographic pattern of various poisonings, pharmacotherapy and factors associated with outcome in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective observational study was done from January 2014 to December 2014 at Casualty in government teaching medical college hospital. Results: 253 patients were identified to have suffered of poisoning, 47.0% (119) of these patients were poisoned by OPC followed by other poison such as pyrethroids, Organocabamates. From all assessed cases male over female dominance was observed. More poisoning cases were observed between the age group 21 and 30 years. Intentional poisoning was more common (87.74%). The time taken between the poison ingestion and treatment was found that 83.8% of patients introduced to hospital before 12 h of the incident, whereas 28.7% introduced before 3 h. The death rate was 1.97 % with male dominance. Conclusion: This study comes to a conclusion that there is load of poisoning for which some proper safety measures such as limitation of easy availability and securing the poisonous chemicals which reduce the incidence of different poisoning in susceptible patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute glyphosate herbicide poisoning and the differences in the severity of poisoning.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with acute glyphosate herbicide poisoning admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to December 2020. The general information, exposure time, poisoning dose, poisoning cause, poisoning route, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination results during hospitalization, treatment measures, hospital stays and prognosis of the patients were collected. The patients were graded according to the poisoning severity scoring standard of Chinese Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Poisoning in 2016. The highest severity score during hospitalization was used as the final grade. According to the final grade, asymptomatic and mild patients were included in the mild group, and moderate, severe and death patients were included in the severe group. The independent sample T test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for measurement data, and χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used for counting data. The differences of general data and clinical data between the two groups were compared. Results:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 83 patients with acute glyphosate herbicide poisoning were selected as the study subjects. All patients survived, mainly mild poisoning (56.6%), with a male to female ratio of 33∶50, and an average age of 39 years. The number of poisoning cases increased yearly (the highest in 2019), and most cases occurred in spring and summer. The main cause of poisoning was suicide (71.1%), direct oral administration (83.1%) was the primary route of poisoning, and the dominating clinical manifestations were digestive symptoms (71.1%). Laboratory tests showed increased white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil percentage (NEUT %) and D-dimer, and decreased hemoglobin and potassium. Compared with the mild group, patients in the severe group were older [(51±17) years vs. (35±19) years], had a higher proportion of suicide and direct oral administration, a longer hospital stay [8.0 (4.8, 12.0) d vs. 3.0 (2.0, 5.5) d], a higher dose of poisoning [200.0 (50.0, 200.0) mL vs. 30.0 (11.3, 57.5) mL], and higher NEUT % within 24 h of admission [(83.4±10.4) vs. (73.2±12.8)]. The increase of WBC, NEUT %, aspartate aminotransferase, prothrombin time, D-dimer and the decrease of serum potassium were more common in the severe group than the mild group, with statistical significance (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The number of patients with acute glyphosate herbicide poisoning is increasing yearly. Generally, the condition is mild and the prognosis is satisfying. The severity is more serious in the middle-aged and elderly patients andthose with direct oral administration, high toxic dose, and high NEUT % within 24 h of admission. Severe poisoning is more likely to cause changes in laboratory indicators.
ABSTRACT
Through an occupational hygiene survey of an occupational acute severe organic fluoride poisoning accident caused by the leakage of pilot test materials, the cause of the incident was analyzed, the diagnosis of the occupational disease was established, and the measures to be taken by the enterprise were discussed, aiming to provide reference for the occupational health management and prevention of similar poisoning accidents in chemical industry.
ABSTRACT
Hexazinone is a post-emergence herbicide/arboricides, and its acute poisoning has rarely been reported. Hexazinone is low-toxic to humans, but mass intake of hexazinone would still lead to organ impairment. This article analyzes a case of acute hexazinone poisoning from the poisoning treatment center of our hospital, and summarizes the symptoms and treatment effects of hexazinone poisoning, which is aimed at improving the comprehension, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Administration, Oral , Herbicides , Poisoning , TriazinesABSTRACT
Resumo Diferentes práticas agrícolas estão associadas a diferentes riscos para a saúde de camponeses. Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre ideação suicida e exposição a agrotóxicos, comparando camponeses vivendo sob exposição ambiental a agrotóxicos em relação a camponeses envolvidos com práticas agroecológicas, sem o uso de agrotóxicos, no semiárido norte mineiro. As famílias avaliadas foram amostradas, por conveniência, a partir da prática agrícola a qual estavam vinculadas, e os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas com instrumento previamente validado. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas seguidas de regressão logística. Foram entrevistados 547 camponeses, de ambos os sexos, sendo 311 sob exposição a agrotóxicos. Os camponeses expostos a agrotóxicos, em relação a camponeses envolvidos com práticas agroecológicas, tiveram maiores chances para ideação suicida (OR=2,30; IC95% 1,16-4,56), consumo problemático de álcool (OR=2,30; IC95% 1,18-4,48) e episódios prévios de intoxicação aguda por agrotóxicos (OR=8,58; IC95% 2,98-24,72).Conclui-se que as práticas agrícolas que implicam em exposição crônica a agrotóxicos se associam a maiores chances de ideação suicida, independentemente de episódios prévios de intoxicação aguda por agrotóxicos ou do uso problemático do álcool.
Abstract Health risks faced by peasant farmers may vary depending on the type of agriculture they practice. This study examined the association between suicide ideation and exposure to pesticides by comparing two groups of peasant farmers of both sexes living in the semi-arid region of the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil: exposed to pesticides and adopting agroecological practices without the use of pesticides. Group participants were selected using convenience sampling and data was collected using a previously validated questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Bivariate analysis was performed, followed by logistic regression. A total of 547 peasant farmers were interviewed (311 in the group exposed to pesticides and 236 in the group adopting agroecological practices). Respondents from the group exposed to pesticides were more likely to report suicidal ideation (OR=2.30; 95%CI 1.16-4.56), harmful alcohol consumption (OR=2.30; 95%CI 1.18-4.48), and lifetime acute pesticide poisoning (OR=8.58; 95%CI 2.98-24.72). The findings suggest that agricultural practices that lead to chronic pesticide exposure are associated with a greater likelihood of suicide ideation, regardless of previous episodes of acute pesticide poisoning or harmful alcohol consumption.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pesticides , Occupational Exposure , Brazil/epidemiology , Suicidal Ideation , FarmersABSTRACT
Resumen Las intoxicaciones o las sobredosis de drogas constituyen una fuente importante de morbilidad, mortalidad y gasto en salud en todo el mundo. Especialmente en adultos menores de 35 años, las intoxicaciones vienen a ser la principal causa de paro cardíaco no traumático, siendofármacos más comunes involucrados, analgésicos, antidepresivos, opioides, sin embargo, esto puede variar. Es importante realizar un abordaje rápido, con base en interrogatorio, información de cualquier testigo y evidencia, además la clínica del paciente. El paro cardíaco debido a toxicidad se maneja de acuerdo conlos estándares actuales de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica y avanzada, siguiendo los principios del A, B, C, D, E. Las manifestaciones clínicas y abordaje clínico pueden variar bastante dependiendo de la sustancia involucrada. Las pruebas de laboratorio casi nunca están disponibles en un marco de tiempo que respalde las decisiones de reanimación tempranas, aún así, es recomendable realizarlas. En general los efectos tóxicos pueden reducirse si se limita la absorción del o los fármacos o se aumenta su eliminación. Además, se puede bloquear efectos farmacológicos no deseados con los llamados antídotos. El uso del carbón activado, algunos antídotos específicos, y tratamientos extracorpóreos también se contemplan en la presente revisión.
Abstract Poisoning or drug overdose is a major source of morbidity, mortality and health expenditure worldwide, especially in adults under 35, where it is the leading cause of non-traumatic cardiac arrest, being more common drugs involved, analgesics, antidepressants, opioids, however, this may vary. It is important to make a quick approach, based on questioning, information from any witness and evidence, and the patient's clinic. Cardiac arrest due to toxicity is managed according to current Basic and Advanced life support standards, following the principles of A, B, C, D, E. Clinical manifestations and clinical approach can vary considerably depending on the substance involved. Laboratory tests are almost never available in a time frame that supports early resuscitation decisions, yet it is advisable to perform them. In general, the toxic effects can be reduced if the absorption of the drugs is limited or their elimination increased. In addition, you can block unwanted pharmacological effects with so-called antidotes. The use of activated charcoal, specific antidotes, and extracorporeal treatments are also covered in this review.
Subject(s)
Poisoning , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Heart Arrest/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Acute 1,2-dichloroethane poisoning causes serious illness, deaths and is a social event of great influence. The compilation of Technical Plan for Emergency Treatment of Acute 1,2-Dichloroethane Poisoning provides scientific guidance for effective treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane poisoning events. The plan describes in detail the specific practice and technical requirements of six links in the process of handling emergency of acute 1,2-dichloroethane poisoning, including accident investigation and treatment, risk assessment, collection and testing of samples, medical treatment, health monitoring and emergency response, et al. The key contents of individual protection requirements, investigation content, etiology determination, medical assistance and health education in the disposal of poisoning incidents were clarified, and the procedures and requirements of health education were added. The technical scheme is scientific, objective and operable, which can provide scientific guidance for the effective treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane poisoning accidents.
ABSTRACT
Acute poisoning is a component of emergency medicine and a key public health problem in clinical toxicology. In recent years, the research and development of industrial chemicals and drugs have developed rapidly, and the incidence of acute drug poisoning has been increasing. It is very important to strengthen the application research of clinical toxicology in acute poisoning, to identify rare and new toxic drugs, and to create conditions for rapid detection of toxic substances. Therefore, this article reviews the types of acute poisoning, the epidemiological characteristics, the detection technology and significance of clinical toxicology, the role of clinical toxicology in the treatment of acute poisoning and its application.
ABSTRACT
Background: Periodic epidemiological studies are necessary to analyse the patterns of poisoning in each region. The aim of this study was to characterise the acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care centre in coastal Karnataka.Methods: All the adult patients admitted to the emergency department of the hospital during the past five years were included. Data was obtained from the hospital medical records and included socio-demographic characteristics, causative agents, mode of poisoning, route of poisoning, time of arrival to the hospital and factors determining mortality.Results: Of the 169 patients admitted with acute poisoning, majority belonged to young age group (46.7%) and were females (50.9%). Poisoning was more common among the, married population (59.2%) and literates (62.7%). Clustering of cases were found during summer (36.7%) and monsoon (35.5%). Ingestion was the commonest route (98.2%) and the intention was suicidal (82.2%) in majority of the patients. Drug overdose (49.1%) was the commonest agent followed by pesticides (14.8%) and rodenticides (12.4%). Acetaminophen and antipsychotic drugs were the commonly used drugs. Psychiatric illness was found in a significant number of patients (37.9%). The most common symptom was nausea and vomiting (40.2%). Mortality was seen in 7.7% of the patients. Factors contributing to mortality were male gender, intake of pesticides, renal failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).Conclusions: There is an increase in the number of cases abusing drugs and medications. There is an urgent need to address the susceptive young population and patients with underlying psychiatric illness to reduce the number of poisoning cases in this region.
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute poisoning is a medical emergency and a global public health problem. The poisoning pattern varies across countries and even between different regions within a country. The aim of this was to explore the demographic, etiological, and clinical characteristics of acute poisoning cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, South India.Methods: This was a retrospective hospital record based study of acute poisoning cases admitted to our hospital during the period from January 2015 to December 2017. The patients’ demographic, etiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Results: Of the total of 275 cases of acute poisoning, majority of them were in the age group of 21- 30 years (32%) and were females (58.5%). Most of the cases were suicidal in nature (75.3%). Majority of the patients consumed a single poisonous agent (92.7%) and the route of poisoning was oral in all of them. Majority of the patients (56.7%) reached the hospital within 2 hours of exposure to the poison with median duration of hospital stay of 2 days, and mortality of 2.9%. Majority of the suicidal poisonings were associated with abuse of insecticides (39.4%), rodenticides (19.7%) and plant seeds (14.4%); whereas the accidental poisonings were mostly due to household agents (79.1%).Conclusions: Our study shows that the majority of the poisoning cases occurred with a single poisonous agent consumed orally, for suicidal purposes in young age group and women. Pesticides and plant seeds were commonly abused for committing suicides and household agents dominated the list of causes for accidental poisoning.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Poisons are the substances that can causesevere organ damage or death, if ingested, breathed, injectedinto the body or absorbed through the skin.1 The word poisonwas firstly used in 1200 A.D., which means a deadly potionor substance.2 This word was derived from Latin word‘potionem’ (a drinking of drink). Every substance may act aspoison and only the dose plays an important role. Aims andobjectives: 1) to study the demographic profile of poisoningin the patients admitted in MBGH, Udaipur. 2) To study theincidence of different types of poisoning.Material and methods: This study was hospital basedprospective study. The study was conducted from Jan, 2017to Jan, 2018; carried out in Department of Medicine RNTmedical college and MBGH hospitals Udaipur (Raj). 200patients were included who fulfilled the eligible criteria.Results: Males (54.50%) were affected more than females(45.50%).Maximum numbers of patients 34.00% were inthe age group between 21-30 years. Most of the people werefrom rural area (67.00%). Highest numbers were reportedamong agricultural worker (21.50%) followed by students(21.00%). Intentional poisoning was found among 159 cases(79.5%). Family problems (n=78, 39%) were contributingfactor for committing suicides. The leading poison wasOrganophosphorous group of compounds 33.00%. Highestmortality was seen in aluminum phosphide which constituted16 cases (51.61%).Conclusion: Acute poisoning is one of the common problemsin a clinical practice and our study suggests that Insecticidesare one of the most common agents causing this problem
ABSTRACT
Introducción: A nivel mundial, existe un incremento de las intoxicaciones por monóxido de carbono recibidas en los servicios de urgencia. En Cuba no es frecuente este tipo de intoxicación y existe desconocimiento para su diagnóstico precoz. El monóxido de carbono es un gas inodoro, incoloro, no irritante a las mucosas y altamente tóxico para el hombre. Es un contaminante de la atmósfera terrestre y el agente causal más frecuente de la intoxicación por gases. Objetivo: Describir la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono en un paciente atendido en el Hospital Militar;Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas, Cuba. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 19 años de edad que inhala en un área cerrada, de forma accidental, los gases de la combustión de un vehículo durante 30 minutos. Permaneció en el lugar de la exposición sin medios de protección individual por un período de tres horas y comenzó con síntomas correspondientes a una intoxicación moderada por monóxido de carbono. Ingresó en la sala de cuidados intermedios para tratamiento. Conclusiones: El paciente tuvo una evolución favorable, tratado con oxígeno normobárico e hiperbárico(AU)
Introduction: Worldwide, there is an increase in poisonings by carbon monoxide received in emergency services. In Cuba this type of intoxication is not frequent and there is ignorance for its early diagnosis. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas, not irritating to mucous membranes and highly toxic to man. It is a pollutant of the Earth's atmosphere and the most frequent causative agent of gas poisoning. Objective: To describe carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient treated at the Military Hospital Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy from Matanzas, Cuba. Clinical case: A 19-year-old male patient inhaled in a closed area, accidentally, the combustion gases of a vehicle for 30 minutes. He remained in the place of exposure without means of individual protection for a period of three hours and began with symptoms corresponding to moderate intoxication by carbon monoxide. He was admitted at intermediate care ward for treatment. Conclusions: The patient had a favorable evolution, treated with normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/diagnosis , Glechoma hederacea/pharmacology , /adverse effects , Gases/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Background: Poisoning is an important public health problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Currently limited data available in UAE regarding the incidence, type of poison, management and outcome of poisoning cases both in adults and children are very limited. The present study focused to assess the type, clinical characteristics, nature and outcome of poisoning cases in two secondary and Tertiary Care Hospitals of U.A.E.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in two hospitals of northern emirates of U.A.E. Patient case notes related to hospital admissions due to poisoning were identified and reviewed by the study investigator. Various details such as patient demographic characteristics, type, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of poisoning were entered into a suitably designed data collection form. The collected data were analyzed using poison severity and snakebite severity assessment scales.Results: A total of 97 poisoning cases was identified during the study period. The prevalence of poisoning among male (50.5%) and female (49.5%) was found to be almost similar. The majority of poisoning cases 55 (56.7%) was of accidental type. The most common type of agent responsible for poisoning was drugs 61 (62.9%). Paracetamol was the most common drug involved in poisoning 16 (26.2%). The outcome of the poisoning was a recovery in majority 96 (98.9%) of the cases. Demographic factors such as gender, age, nationality and occupation were found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with the intention and type of poisoning agent.Conclusions: The study concluded that the most common poisoning agent involved in poisoning was drugs. The majority of the poisoning cases were of accidental type. The outcome of the poisoning was a recovery in the majority of the cases and no mortality were reported.
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute poisoning in children is most commonly encountered in day to day practice which contributes a major part of admissions in pediatric intensive units and ward. It is a preventable public health problem. There are limited community based data available because of several reasons including lack of standard case definition, regional variability, poor functioning regulatory and surveillance system. Therefore, authors carried out this study in present set-up.Methods: A prospective observational study carried out at a tertiary care hospital which included all children within the age of 12 years presenting with history and symptoms and signs suggestive of acute poisoning over a period of 1 year after getting consent from parents.Results: Incidence of acute poisoning among children was 4.7%. Maximum cases were in the age group of 1-5 years (79.85%). Among the 278 cases, male children were 154(55.4%) and female were 124(44.6%). Majority of cases were observed in upper lower (43.1%) socio-economic group of Modified Kuppusamy scale. Based on locality, majority of cases were from rural area (66.9%). Accidental poisoning was the most common cause including 88.5% cases. In our study, we found that hydrocarbons were the most common substance of poisoning (58%). The most common clinical presentation in our study was vomiting (24.5%).Conclusions: Incidence of acute poisoning among children is high in our set-up. Lower socio-economic class, rural populations are important epidemiological factors which influences the poisoning event in children.
ABSTRACT
To avoid toxic effects as much as possible and to safely use natural products, a more comprehensive understanding of toxicity is urgently needed. We generally believe that small molecule metabolites can represent the physiological or pathological state of an organism, so metabolomics-based toxicology studies can be used to assess toxicity as well as to identify toxicological biomarkers of natural products, which helps to guide clinical medications and reduce adverse drug reactions. In recent decades, dozens of metabolomics studies have been conducted in the evaluation of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and toxicity of the central nervous system induced by monomer compounds, extracts, and combination preparations. This article reviews the commonly used metabolomics techniques, including sample preparation, sample testing, data processing and analysis, as well as toxicology studies of natural products based on metabolomics. Finally, the potential problems and further prospects of this kind of research are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the relationship between clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with acute herbicide poisoning marked diquat.@*Methods@#A multi-center, retrospective clinical study of patients with acute diquat poisoning admitted into Emergency Department was conducted from June 2015 to August 2018 in 8 hospitals in Jiangsu Province.@*Results@#A total of 43 patients (22 males and 21 females) were collected and the peak age of poisoning ranged 20-39 years old. The only route of poisoning was ingestion. Among these cases, suicide was the most common cause of poisoningaccounting for 90.70%. In emergency treatment, the constituent ratios of gastric lavage, hemoperfusion and glucocorticoid were 87.50%, 72.50% and 42.50%, respectively. The total mortality increased to 60.00% after follow-up, while the in-hospital mortality was 18.60%. The mortality of patients with toxic dose < 50 mL was 11.11%.@*Conclusions@#The incidence of acute herbicide poisoning with "diquat" as commercial component is gradually increasing. At present, the mortality is very high. Ingestion poisoning dose is the key factor affecting prognosis, and the prognosis of patients with oral dose > 50 mL is poor.